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Ljutovid of Zahumlje
Ljutovid was an independent Slavic ruler of Zahumlje, in present-day western Herzegovina and southern Croatia, who flourished in the middle of the 11th century in alliance with the Byzantine Empire. He held the supreme authority of Serbs at that time.〔Stephenson 2003, pp. 42-43: "if the idea of developing a ''thema'' of Serbia existed briefly, it was swiftly abandoned and the title ''strategos'' passed to the local aristocracy. In a charter issued July 1039 the Slavic ruler of Zahumlje styled himself "Ljutovit, ''protospatharios epi tou Chrysotriklinou, hypatos, strategos'' of Serbia and Zahumlje." Ljutovid's claim to be strategos not only of Zahumlje, but all Serbia suggests that he had been courted by the emperor, and awarded nominal rights neighbouring lands, including Duklja, which was at the time at war with the empire. Moreover, if we can trust the ''Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja'', our only narrative source, we must conclude that none of the Serbian lands was under direct Byzantine control in 1042. In that year, we are told, the ''ban'' of Bosnia, ''župan'' of Raška, and Slavic ''princeps'' of Zahumlje (Chelmana), Ljutovid, received Byzantine ambassadors offering piles of imperial silver and gold to support imperial efforts against the ruler of neighbouring Duklja, Stefan Vojislav. The use of Latin ''princeps'', rather than ''iupanus'' or ''banus'', to describe Ljutovid, supports the notion that he held the supreme authority among the Serbs at the time."〕
In a charter dated July 1039, Ljutovid is styled ''"protospatharios epi tou Chrysotriklinou, hypatos, strategos"'' of ''"Serbia'' and ''Zahumlje"'', which suggests Emperor Michael IV〔(p. 150 )〕 granted him nominal right over neighbouring lands, including Duklja.〔
In 1042, the ''Župan of Rascia'', ''Ban of Bosnia'' and Ljutovid, receives piles of imperial gold and silver from the Byzantines for the support to overthrowing Stefan Vojislav of Duklja.〔〔''Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja'', ch. 38: "iupano Rassae et bano Bosnae et principi regionis Chelmanae"〕 He led the army of the allied force against Duklja in 1043 but was ambushed at the Klobuk hill〔Marko Vego, ''Naselja bosanske srednjevjekovne države'', Svjetlost, 1957. (Google Books )〕 of Konavli (then part of Travunia) by Vojislav, who defeated the army. Vojislav went on to pursue and annex most of Zahumlje and Travunia.
In a possibly forged document, with two variants dated 1039 and 1151, Ljutovid awarded the monastery on Lokrum with Babino Polje on the island of Mljet (modern Croatia).〔John Van Antwerp Fine, (''When ethnicity did not matter in the Balkans'' )〕 According to it, ''Protospatar Ljutovit'' declared that no one, neither Ragusan, nor citizen of Ston, neither Latin, nor Slav, could impede the donation.〔
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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